{"id":1578,"date":"2020-03-15T19:27:54","date_gmt":"2020-03-15T23:27:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/?page_id=1578"},"modified":"2020-03-25T09:26:27","modified_gmt":"2020-03-25T13:26:27","slug":"heisenberg-cube","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/npl-home\/history\/heisenberg-cube\/","title":{"rendered":"Heisenberg Cube"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Authors: Tim &amp; Mimi<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What gift do you get the guy who already has everything (nuclear at least)?  In 2013 Tim was gifted an incredibly rare and fascinating item by a friend: a Heisenberg Cube.  This cube of natural uranium metal once hung along side 663 others, as components in Nazi Germany&#8217;s final failed attempt to build a nuclear reactor during the second World War.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"blob:http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/16c423e5-498c-4f51-a995-fc39d126cfd4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"3333\" height=\"5000\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/UraniumCube_03112019_6646-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1585\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/UraniumCube_03112019_6646-1.jpg 3333w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/UraniumCube_03112019_6646-1-1667x2500.jpg 1667w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/UraniumCube_03112019_6646-1-768x1152.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/UraniumCube_03112019_6646-1-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/UraniumCube_03112019_6646-1-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/UraniumCube_03112019_6646-1-180x270.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3333px) 100vw, 3333px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Tim Koeth&#8217;s Uranium Cube (Photo by John T. Consoli of UMD)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The German reactor experiments, headed by the famed Werner Heisenberg, were, thankfully, utterly unsuccessful, and the story of these cubes was nearly lost to time.  The cube itself is small &#8211; measuring about 2 inches on a side and weighing about 5 pounds.  However, the historical impact of these objects is infinitely massive.  This cube, and the others like it, represent the sum of the German nuclear efforts during the war. It was the fear of these efforts, and the awful potential of a nuclear Germany that spurred the United States into launching and prioritizing the Manhattan Project, ultimately winning both the race for nuclear weapons and the war. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/physicstoday.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/PT.3.4202\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2400\" height=\"3150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/pto.2019.72.issue-5.largecover.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1581\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/pto.2019.72.issue-5.largecover.jpg 2400w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/pto.2019.72.issue-5.largecover-1905x2500.jpg 1905w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/pto.2019.72.issue-5.largecover-768x1008.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/pto.2019.72.issue-5.largecover-1170x1536.jpg 1170w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/pto.2019.72.issue-5.largecover-1560x2048.jpg 1560w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/pto.2019.72.issue-5.largecover-206x270.jpg 206w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Cover article in Physics Today, May 2019 &#8211; click to view the article.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Tim and postdoctoral researcher, Dr. Miriam (Mimi) Hiebert, have been researching the fate of the 664 Heisenberg cubes.  Their work has been the subject of the cover article of the May 2019 edition of <em><a href=\"https:\/\/physicstoday.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/PT.3.4202\">Physics Today<\/a><\/em> and the cube itself is now on loan as the highlight of a new exhibit called the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclearmuseum.org\/see\/exhibits\/dark-cube-heisenbergs-race-for-the-bomb-opens-march-14\/\">Dark Cube<\/a>, at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclearmuseum.org\/\">National Museum of Nuclear Science and History<\/a> in Albuquerque, New Mexico. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_7901.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2799\" height=\"2625\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_7901.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1966\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_7901.jpg 2799w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_7901-768x720.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_7901-1536x1441.jpg 1536w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_7901-2048x1921.jpg 2048w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/IMG_7901-288x270.jpg 288w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2799px) 100vw, 2799px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Tim loaning the cube to the National Museum of Nuclear Science and History.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Through their work, Tim and Mimi have made several discoveries concerning the uranium cubes and their fate, including the existence of nearly 400 additional cubes that were present in Germany at the end of the war.  In total we know of 13 of these cubes still in existence in museums and private collections around the world. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stay tuned as we update this page as our story progresses!   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Koeth_Hiebert_003112019_7055.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2732\" height=\"4098\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Koeth_Hiebert_003112019_7055.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1586\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Koeth_Hiebert_003112019_7055.jpg 2732w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Koeth_Hiebert_003112019_7055-1667x2500.jpg 1667w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Koeth_Hiebert_003112019_7055-768x1152.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Koeth_Hiebert_003112019_7055-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Koeth_Hiebert_003112019_7055-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-content\/uploads\/Koeth_Hiebert_003112019_7055-180x270.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2732px) 100vw, 2732px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Dr. Timothy Koeth and postdoctoral researcher, Dr. Miriam Hiebert, with uranium cube and ultraviolet-lit uranium glassware.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Authors: Tim &amp; Mimi What gift do you get the guy who already has everything (nuclear at least)? In 2013 Tim was gifted an incredibly rare and fascinating item by a friend: a Heisenberg Cube. This cube of natural uranium metal once hung along side 663 others, as components in Nazi Germany&#8217;s final failed&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"><a class=\"btn btn-default\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/npl-home\/history\/heisenberg-cube\/\"> Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">  Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1580,"parent":1517,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"advanced-sidebar-menu\/link-title":"","advanced-sidebar-menu\/exclude-page":false},"categories":[63,60,41,18,37],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1578"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1578"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1578\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2795,"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1578\/revisions\/2795"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1517"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1578"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1578"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.nuclearphysicslab.com\/npl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1578"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}